China Has Attempted What Might Be the First-Ever Orbital Refueling of a Satellite

Chinese satellites Shijian-21 (SJ-21) and Shijian-25 (SJ-25) have conducted what analysts believe to be the first-ever high-altitude orbital refueling attempt over 20,000 miles above Earth in geosynchronous orbit. SJ-25, launched in January, is specifically designed to test satellite fuel replenishment and life extension technologies, while SJ-21 previously demonstrated space debris mitigation by docking with and moving a defunct Beidou navigation satellite. Although Chinese officials have provided limited recent details, the apparent docking of SJ-25 with SJ-21 suggests a refueling demonstration, marking a significant milestone in space operations. This development has dual-use implications, as such technologies can serve both civilian and military purposes. For instance, the ability to dock and refuel satellites in geosynchronous orbit could enable China to approach, capture, or disable other nations’ satellites, raising strategic concerns. The U.S. Space Force is also pursuing orbital refueling to extend