What is on-orbit refueling? Inside the technology that could solve orbital debris

The article discusses the emerging technology of on-orbit refueling (OOR) as a potential solution to the growing problem of space debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). On-orbit refueling involves transferring propellant to satellites while they are in space, allowing them to extend their operational lifespans beyond the typical 4-8 years for most satellites (up to about 15 years for geostationary orbit satellites). This capability could prevent satellites from becoming defunct and turning into space debris, which currently poses a significant threat to active satellites, spacecraft, and space stations. The article highlights recent collaborations, such as between Amazon and the startup Arkisys, to develop commercial in-orbit refueling platforms called "The Port," which would enable satellite servicing, assembly, and resupply in orbit. The accumulation of space debris is a critical environmental challenge, with over 22,000 satellites launched since Sputnik 1 and more than 650 break-ups, explosions, or collisions recorded in